By taking away the easy parts of their task, automation can make the difficult parts of the human operator's task more difficult. Several writers (Wiener and Curry, 1980; Rouse. 1981) point out that the 'Fitts list' approach to automation. assigning to man and machine the tasks they are best at, is no longer sufficient. It does not consider the integration of person and computer, nor how to maintain the effectiveness of the human operator by supporting their skills and motivation. There will always be a substantial human involvement with automated systems because criteria other than efficiency are involved, e.g. when the cost of automating some modes of operation is not justified by the value of the product, or because the public will not accept high-risk systems with no human component. This suggests that methods of human-computer collaboration need to be more fully developed. Dellner (1981) lists the possible levels of human intervention in automated decision making. This paper will discuss the possibilities for computer intervention in human decision making. These include instructing or advising the operator, mitigating their errors, providing sophisticated displays, and assisting them when task loads are high. Rouse (1981) calls these 'covert' human-computer interaction.
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